Neuromodulation therapies is a multidisciplinary research field and methodological approach dedicated to understanding and applying targeted interventions that alter neural activity. It encompasses the study of mechanisms by which electrical or chemical stimuli modulate specific neural circuits within the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous systems. The field investigates the development, optimization, and clinical translation of these techniques as therapeutic modalities for managing diverse neurological and chronic conditions, representing a major advance in clinical treatment strategies.